Updated Date : 15.01.2022
Kusimuka uye Kudonha kweHumambo hweOttoman
Kusimuka kwese kune matambudziko, uye kudonha kwega kwega kune zvikonzero izvo zvinowanzovharwa nemhedzisiro yezviitiko izvi. Zuva reHumambo hweOttoman- Humwe hwehumambo hukuru munhoroondo yakasimuka nekupenya kwenguva yakareba, asi semamwe dzinza ripi neripi, kuwa kwakasviba uye kusingachinji.
The Humambo hweOttoman hwakatangwa muna 1299 uye yakakura kubva kumarudzi eTurkey muAnatolia. MaOttomans akanakidzwa nekutamba kwakanaka kwesimba mukati memazana emakore 15 ne16 uye akatonga kweanopfuura makore 600. Inotaridzirwa seimwe yemadzimambo anogara kwenguva refu munhoroondo yehumambo hunotonga. Simba reOttoman raiwanzoonekwa sesimba reIslam. Yaionekwa sengozi neveWestern Europe.Kutonga kweHumambo hweOttoman kunoonekwa senguva yekugadzikana kwedunhu, chengetedzo, uye kufambira mberi. Kubudirira kwedzinza iri kunokonzerwa nekuti vakajairana nekuchinja kuri kuita mamiriro ezvinhu, uye izvi, pazere, zvichigadzira nzira yebudiriro yetsika, magariro, zvechitendero, zveupfumi, uye tekinoroji.
Nhoroondo yeOttoman Empire
Humambo hweOttoman hwakakura kubatanidza nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemazuva ano Europe. Yakatambanukira muTurkey, Egypt, Syria, Romania, Macedonia, Hungary, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, mativi eArabia Peninsula, uye mativi eNorth Africa mukati mokukwirira kwayo . Nharaunda yose yeHumambo yakafukidza anenge mamiriyoni 7.6 emakiromita muna 1595. Payakanga ichiputsika chikamu chahwo chakava Turkey yemazuva ano.
Kwakatangira Humambo hweOttoman
Iyo Ottoman Realm pachayo yakaonekwa setambo yakadambuka yeSeljuk Turk Empire. Humambo hweSeljuk hwakapambwa nevarwi veTurkey vari pasi paOsman I muzana ramakore rechi13 vakatora mukana wekupinda kweMongol. Kurwisa kweMongol kwakanga kwanetesa nyika yeSeljuk, uye kuvimbika kwechiIslam kwakanga kuri mungozi. Mushure mekuparara kweSeljuk Empire, maOttoman Turks akawana simba. Vakatora hutongi hwedzimwe nyika dzeSeljuk Empire, uye zvishoma nezvishoma nezana ramakore rechi 14, hutongi hwese hwakasiyana hweTurkey hwakanga huchitongwa neOttoman Turks.
Kusimuka kweHumambo hweOttoman
Kusimuka kwedzinza rega rega kunoitika zvishoma nezvishoma pane kungoitika kamwe kamwe. Humambo hweTurkey hune chikwereti chekubudirira kwahwo kuhutungamiriri hwakatanhamara hwaOsman I, Orhan, Murad I, uye Bayezid I kune chimiro chayo chepakati, hutongi hwakanaka, nharaunda inogara ichikura, kutonga kwenzira dzekutengeserana, uye kuronga mauto asingatyi. Kudzora kwenzira dzekutengeserana kwakavhura mikova yehupfumi hukuru, iyo yakaita basa rakakosha mukugadzikana uye anchorage yekutonga.
Nguva yekuwedzera kukuru
Zvakanyanya kujeka, Hushe hweOttoman hwakasvika pakakwirira nekukunda kweConstantinople-guta guru reHumambo hweByzantine. Constantinople, iyo yairangarirwa kuva isingakundwi, yakapfugamiswa navazukuru vaOsman. Kukunda uku kwakave hwaro hwekumwe kuwedzera kweHumambo, kusanganisira dzinopfuura gumi nyika dzakasiyana dzeEurope neMiddle East. Mabhuku eNhoroondo yeHumambo hweOttoman anorondedzera nguva iyi kunzi nguva yekuwedzera kukuru. Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakawanda vanoti kuwedzera uku kwakanga kusina kurongeka uye kushomeka kwenzvimbo dzakagarwa uye masimba emauto eOttoman epamusoro uye akarongeka. Wedzero yacho yakapfuurira nokukundwa kwavaMamluk muEgypt neSyria.Algiers, Hungary, uye mativi eGreece zvakavawo pasi peAmburera yeOttoman Turks muzana ramakore rechi 15.
Zviripachena kubva muzvidimbu zveOttoman Empire History kuti kunyangwe iri dzinza chinzvimbo chemutongi mukuru kana sultan chaive nhaka vamwe vese kunyangwe vevakuru vaifanira kuwana zvinzvimbo zvavo. Muna 1520 kutonga kwakanga kuri mumaoko aSulayman I. Munguva yokutonga kwake Umambo hweOttoman hwakawana simba rakawanda uye gadziriro yakasimba yokutonga yakazivikanwa. Tsika dzebudiriro iyi dzakatanga kusimba.
Kuparara kweHumambo hweOttoman
Rufu rwaSultan Sulyman I rwakaratidza kutanga kwenguva inotungamira mukudzikira kweOttoman Dynasty. Chikonzero chakakosha chekudzikira kwacho chakaonekwa kuve kukundwa kwemauto kwakatevedzana - chikuru kukundwa muhondo yeLepanto. Hondo dzeRussia-Turkish dzinotungamirira mukuderera kwesimba remauto. Kutevera hondo, Emperor anofanirwa kusaina zvibvumirano zvakati wandei, uye Humambo hwakarasikirwa neruzhinji rwekuzvimiririra kwehupfumi. Hondo yeCrimea yakaunza mamwe matambudziko.
Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi18, nzvimbo yepakati yeHumambo yakanga yapera simba, uye zviito zvakasiyana-siyana zvechimurenga zvakatungamirira mukurasikirwa kunoramba kuripo kwenzvimbo.Nehungwaru hwezvematongerwo enyika muSultanate, kusimbisa masimba eEurope, makwikwi ehupfumi sezvo kutengeserana kutsva kwakagadzirwa, Humambo hweTurkey. akasvika padanho rinopedza simba uye akatumidzwa se "Sick Man of Europe". Yakanga ichinzi nokuti yakanga yarasikirwa nezvose zvayo, yakanga isina kugadzikana mune zvehupfumi uye yakanga ichinyanya kutsamira kuEurope.Kupera kwehondo yenyika kwakaratidzawo kuguma kweHumambo hweOttoman. Mutori wenyika yeTurkey akabvisa sultanate kusaina chibvumirano cheSevres.
Izwi Rokupedzisira
Kusimuka kwese kunodonha asi maOttoman akatonga kwenguva ye600 makore uye zvakatora Hondo Yenyika kuti ipere. MaOttoman Turks achiri kuyeukwa nekuda kweushingi hwavo, kusimudzira tsika uye kusiyana, hunyanzvi hwekuita, kushivirira kwechitendero uye zvishamiso zvekuvaka. Mitemo uye zvivakwa zvezvematongerwo enyika zvakagadziridzwa nevekupedzisira veTurkey zvichiri kushanda zvakadaro mune zvakavandudzwa kana kuchinjwa mafomu.